Ghana

Meningococcal

Second hand smoke exposure and the risk of invasive meningococcal disease in children: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2012, Murray, BMC Public Health

Passive smoking increases the risk of meningococcal infection by 2.2 times. When both parents smoke, the risk increases by 8 times. More: [1] [2] [3]
In Ghana, where meningococcal meningitis is much more common than in developed countries, cooking in wood-burning ovens is associated with a 9-fold higher risk of infection.

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